The Continuous Cycle Of Oppression - 887 Words

The continuous cycle of oppression of people thought of as â€Å"minorities† for their race, gender identity, or sexual orientation is an issue most Americans can acknowledge. Nevertheless, it remains an issue that often goes ignored is the internalized oppression many of these people face after growing up in a society that marginalizes them for existing. To illustrate this, Nubra Floyd, Michael Kimmel, and Regina Langhout discuss different groups of marginalized people in Group Development in a High School Adjustment Seminar, Identity and Achievement: A Depth Psychology Approach to Student Development, Masculinity as Homophobia, and Acts of Resistance: Student (In)visibility. Thus, we learn that from school to gender, despite the endless spectrum of variety, there is always at least one group of people marginalized for being different from the so-called norm. Through Floyd’s Group Development in a High School Adjustment Seminar and Identity and Achievement: A Depth Psychology Approach to Student Development the reader learns about the thoughts of students of color while in a classroom setting. Namely, due to an internalized sense of inferiority, students of color may often have rigid academic standards and expectations of themselves that impede them from speaking in classrooms. The internalized sense of not being worthy, as seen in Identity and Achievement: A Depth Psychology Approach to Student Development, programs dedicated to the individual growth of students of color becomeShow MoreRelatedEssay On Gender Oppression1507 Words   |  7 PagesGender Oppression Nelson Mandela once said, Freedom cannot be achieved unless women have been emancipated from all forms of oppression. What Mandela is trying to convey is that society is being restrained by social norms and gender roles. 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Harro adds that first socialization is a process by which our families and relatives and other close members shape our â€Å"self conceptsRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Its Effects On Society1173 Words   |  5 Pagesduress.   This impacts both adults and children, but is normally seen as explicit when minors are involved.   Looking at the history, statistics, media and new technologies of sex trafficking, one may apply the Marxist conflict theory to the perpetuating cycle of the sex industry.  Ã‚  Ã‚   HISTORY   Human trafficking has existed for centuries both in and out of the United States.   While we know that slavery has been a root of human existence, history explicitly mentions slavery first around the 1400s. The PortugueseRead MoreTop Girls By Caryl Churchill1337 Words   |  6 Pagesliterary techniques are utilised to exploit the Beauvoirian idea of women â€Å"denying [their] feminine weakness† in order to justify their strength, while the â€Å"militant male... she wish[es] to be†. Additionally, the Marxist idea of â€Å"new conditions or oppression, new forms of struggle in place of old ones† is explore through Churchill’s text and literary techniques are used to support this idea. A non-linear structure emphasises the inevitability of Angie’s fate generating irony and pathos for her, â€Å"sheRead More Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay607 Words   |  3 Pagesbecause of color is morally and religiously wrong.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Though King began his civil rights movement in 1958, he had the past to use as his basis for a plan of action. He could look in the past to see how other people tried to free themselves from oppression, what worked and what failed. By using the past events he could better empower his people to become independent. Throughout his lifetime, King worked hard to end segregation and try to break down the walls between the blacks and whites. He was faced

Why I Chose My Success For A Career Entrepreneur - 1299 Words

When I chose my college major, I knew I had an interest in information technology and the business world. Most college students want to be their own boss one day and are very familiar with the term entrepreneur. When I signed up for the Entrepreneurship 200 course, I did not know what to expect. As a young adult, advice is something everyone wants to give you and is usually accompanied by the phrase, â€Å"If I only knew then what I know now†. Knowing what to do or what not to do in the business world can help young entrepreneurs make good decisions. As a starting entrepreneur, advice from successful entrepreneurs is priceless. The weekly guest speakers made this course come to life. The life stories are invaluable lessons, and I have appreciated the opportunity to hear each and every speaker. Several lessons were learned from this course, but I would like to reflect on seven key entrepreneurial lessons I believe will make the starting entrepreneur successful. Passion is the key to success for a starting entrepreneur. Everyone has a love or passion for something they do for a hobby or for sport. Starting a business requires that passion. Steve Edwards of the Edwards Group is very passionate about what he does, and loves to share his secrets to help others achieve success. First and foremost, Mr. Edwards stresses the importance of a business plan. He emphasizes that this plan needs to be your plan, not what your parents want your plan to be. The business plan is crucial forShow MoreRelatedI Am Leading Global R D Teams1267 Words   |  6 PagesTo grow, I embrace changes and proactively seek new challenges. I’ve made several changes in my career to learn and advance. During graduate study, I conceptualized a robotic system to win several patents of invention. This experience formed my meticulous execution and unconventional thinking. 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Although Protestants Free Essays

The end of 20th Century saw denominationalism crop up in the church which was eroding the traditions upon which the Christian faith was based. Although Protestants started a good thing, in the end it spurned out of control as many sought to have a denomination that could give them an identity and a sense of purpose in the carrying out the mission of Christianity. Denominationalism has been hailed as an evil thought but ironically it is replacing the religious practices. We will write a custom essay sample on Although Protestants or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the old times, it was associated with ethnic, racial or even class division but with modern times it has evolved to stratification through secularization and education. Sociological analysis is playing a part in disseminating this information because of the way the American society has become polarized especially when it comes to religion (Christianity). Many people have moved from the main stream churches and have found identities in the modern charismatic churches that do not so much revolve around traditions but are embracing modern ideologies and secularization. In the old times, people used to stick to one denomination (church) for a lifetime but now things have changed with people switching churches at least once in lifetime. The aspect of denominationalism is a new aspect to me which I thought was a normal thing but its interesting to know that it was based on ethnic or even racial differences in the early days of Christianity. In the advent of modernization, it has evolved to be discrimination based on education, and doctrinal bases and going world wide. Many people join churches without knowing what or why the churches are founded just to get a religious identity. Religion is something that is aimed at bringing and uniting people together and denominationalism may be doing that but the underlying reasons are wrong. The cropping of this practice rose as a result of difficult in maintaining the religious traditions mainly due to the liberal nature of people wanting to embrace their own identities and also the conservatives loosing their moral authority towards the 21st century. The important message that this article is putting through is that the divisions in Christianity should not be there in the first place because they contradict the tenets of Christianity. It is a noble idea but bringing people together does not involve segregation of others in order to give a sense of identity to a few people. Conclusion Denominationalism has been portrayed more negative than positive which I do not agree because as the article points out, it gives a sense of identity to different people and there is no way all people can fit in one denomination but that does not call for establishment of many denominations. People do not subscribe to the same doctrinal values and therefore whichever denomination they are comfortable in, it is their right to go there. The idea of denominationalism has been portrayed as a division in the Christianity faith which may be true but I do not agree with it. There is no such thing as the standard way of doing things but somehow things have to be done and as long as they are not contravening the law and are morally right, then they ought to be followed. According to me this is the basis of denominationalism where it is based on the way we perform different religious practices and rites like singing, praying and preaching. This article has merely aroused curiosity about denominationalism and it has not dug in deep to bring tangible evidence of what it has caused in the society and what can be done about it. The article has done it as an overview and therefore it should address the issue in depth and how modern Christians can cope with it in embracing their faith and keeping their identity intact. Reference Nancy, T. (2000). New Life for Denominationalism. Retrieved   June 2, 2009 from,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://hirr.hartsem.edu/bookshelf/ammerman_article3.html    How to cite Although Protestants, Papers

Impact of Sovereign Wealth Funds

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Sovereign Wealth Funds. Answer: Introduction The regulatory system, ethical dilemma, taxation arrangement, markets, and governance facets are used in this compare-contrast essay to compare and contrast the two sovereign wealth funds including Norges Bank Investment Management and Qatar Investment Authority. Regarding the regulatory system, the paper examines the regulators of these two funds and how they funds are regulated. The ethical dilemmas for these funds deals with what they invest in and what they avoid. Taxation arrangement looks at how the two funds are taxed and note whether there are similarities or difference in the corporation in the country and whether they have special provisions. Regarding markets, the article examines what market these funds are investing in and the associated equity types. Finally, governance delves into both companies in terms of their investors, and the industry itself. Regulatory System Norges Bank Investment Management has created the corporate Governance Advisory Board to strengthen its long-term active ownership. The Board assist in the board nomination practices regarding the listed equity investment of the sovereign funds. The board also serve as the body on active ownership as well as regularly assess the Norges Bank Investment Managements ownership activities relative to the optimal practices (Truman 2009). The board gives advice to the listed companies that undergo strategy shifts, capital restructuring and takeovers. The Norwegian Ministry of Finance is responsible for managing the fund. It has also delegated responsibility for the operational management of the Norges Bank Investment Managements international assets to Norges Bank Investment Management which nests within the Norwegian Bank. Both the funds are directly managed and controlled through the central bank or the finance ministry to ensure transparency. It has been noted that that the Norways fund is more transparent in its investment criterion and financial accounting the effective regulation of the ministry of finance and central banks. On the other hand, funds regulated by Qatar are among those that regulators ensure they disclose the least information regarding their activities as well as are probably to consider sovereign interests in their activities of investment. The limited disclosure of the SWFs in Qatar makes it complex to determine whether funds are pursuing non-commercial interests thereby creating fear of the SWF activities. In Norway, the Storting has laid out the formal framework for the fund in terms of regulation which is to be done through the Ministry of Finance and the Central Bank in the Government Pension Fund Act. The Ministry of Finance has the overal obligation for the funds regulation (Jen 2007). The Ministry of Finance has also issued the effective guidelines for its regulation in the Management Mandate for the Government Pension Fund Global. The Norges Bank has been mandated and tasked with the regulation of the fund with the Executive Board of the bank being delegated the operational management together with the regulation of the funds to the Norges Bank Investment Management. In Qatar, the Chief Executive Officer of the QIA is responsible for the internal regulation of the fund, management of its affairs as well as the general policy implementation. The CEO is helped by a management team comprising the investment committee and business departments alongside the direct investment in real estate as well as private equity. The investment function is supported by the internal audit, legal, and audit, administration as well as finance department to ensure effectiveness in regulation. The QIA also has a governing Board of Directors as the supreme body with full control and regulation over the QIAs affairs. The Board of Directors discharge of its business and consist of the chairman, a vice chairman and the members. The Board meets regularly to set and review the QIAs strategic policy according to its mandate. The board does not usually engage itself in such decisions linked o day-to-day business but assigns these through Emiri Decision to the CEO and the manage ment. The ownership of the QIA is by the Government of the State of Qatar which has a supervisory role to play despite the fund having an independent legal personality as well as a budget. The founding legislations of the fund has been used to separate the roles and responsibilities among the owner, the governing entity as well as the management for effective regulation (Johnson 2007). The government comes it to regulate through the Ministry of Finance and the Central Bank by ensuring the QIAs mandate of developing, investing as well as managing the state reserve funds alongside other property assigned to it by the Government through the Supreme Council of Economic Affairs and Investment is achieved. The government uses the funds founding legislation that gives QIA the required capacity, powers as well as competencies to act in accomplishing its statutory mandate and achieve its objectives to regulate the fund. Ethical Dilemmas for the Two Sovereign Funds Norges Bank Investment Management can invest solely outside Norway. The mandate requires the Norges Bank Investment Management fund to invest sixty percent of its capital in equities. The mandate also requires that 35-40 percent invest in fixed-income securities and up to five percent invest in real estate. Equity investments are limited to companies which are, or intend to be, listed on the recognized market place. At the present Norges Bank Investment Management is invested in most markets, countries, industries and currencies to cover global growth as well as diversify risk as best as possible. The list of holdings together with the information on all equities, fixed-income instruments as well as properties the fund is invested in is published once a year. Norges Bank Investment Management fund investment is restricted to some companies and courtiers where the fund cannot invest in. The Ministry of Finance has outlined guidelines on responsible investment as well as set up a Council of Ethics that considers whether the investment of the fund in individual companies adhere to these set guidelines. The Council assesses appropriate cases and subsequently makes recommendations to the Norges Bank on the observation and exclusion of companies. The Executive Board of Norge Bank is responsible for managing the fund and, therefore, takes the final decision on whether to follow the recommendations of the Council. The Ministry may as well make a decision that fund should not be invested in fixed-income securities given by some countries like those subject to extensive international sanctions supported by Norway including Syria, North Korea and Iran. On the other hand, the Qatar Investment Authority lacks any mandated limitations on its investment universe. Qatar Investment Authority can invest in both local and foreign marketable, real property, securities, private equity funds and alternative assets. Taxation Arrangement Taxation affects return on investments and can produce risk for the fund and Norges Bank. This policy is crucial in setting out the principles for protecting Norges Bank and Government Pension Fund Global by managing the risk associated with tax associated with the funds unlisted real estate investments and Norges Bank Real Estate Managements operations. This policy entails the management of NBRREMs tax position, and administrative processes linked to tax in the market where we invest and structures relevant to the unlisted real estate investment as operations. The policy helps to manage the tax appropriately and prudently and comply with rules relating to tax and minimization of overpayment of taxes. The unlisted real estate investment are held via corporate holding structures to safeguard Norges Bank and the fund from liability as well as prohibit unnecessary tax costs which may reduce the return or restrict the ability to compete commercially. The Norges Bank Investment Management uses tried and tested structures and follow prudent market prices besides seeking ruling in relation to uncertain tax positions in the countries in and via which the Norges Bank Investment Management invest. It does not use structures that might jeopardize the entire tax position of Norges Bank, the fund or which may negatively affects the tax position of unrelated investment. The NBREM monitors the taxes paid by the Norges Bank Investment Management alongside its compliance with the tax regulations to safeguard the value of the funds unlisted real estate investment as well as safeguard its reputation. Norges Bank Investment Management balances the tax considerations against other business needs as well as manage the interactions between these appropriately. Norges Bank Investment Management uses securities lending and tax as a value-creating activity in the management of the fund. The Norges Bank Investment Management does not lend the benefit of its favorable tax features to the third parties and it improves its tax position by seeking to avoid entering into security lending transaction. The Norges Bank Investment Management uses the reciprocal exemptions to exempt foreign governments as well as their SWFs only where the foreign governments extend a comparable exemption. The reciprocal exemption is achieved either locally or via inclusion in the bilateral double taxation treaties. For example, the Norway and Russia have entered a bilateral tax treaty which contain reciprocal exemptions for interest paid as well to foreign governments, regional as well as local authorities together with their agencies. On the other hand, the Qatar Investment Authority has a significant withholding taxes imposed on the outbound remittances of passive income and they seem to have no special tax preferences for the foreign governments alongside SWFs. The Qatar Investment Authority, therefore, uses the third category which is the most reasoned approach of not to offer any special tax preferences for their SWFs. It uses the same basis to tax charitable organization, and foreign investors (Jen 2009). Qatar has also engaged in agreements for the avoidance of double taxation that permits the non-taxation or tax at a decreased rate of evidence distributed to the stockholders which are resident in Qatar by firms that are resident in other nations. This agreement has an advantage that include the non-taxation or taxation at a lower rate of interest as well as similar payment made to residents of Qatar with the exemption of the interest paid to the State as well as its local authorities and bodies like Qatar Investment Authority. Markets The QIA is SWF of the Qatar Government that specialize in public equity, private equity, fixed income, real estate, and alternative markets as well as startups. The Qatar Investment Authority also makes funds of fund investment across the world. However, QIA does not invest in Qatar energy sector. It also invest in companies that are operating across diversified sectors. The QIA seeks to invest in startups in France. The Qatar Investment Authority has created Qatar Diar Real Estate Investment Company as a podium to handle various essential investment in local and international markets including Oman, Egypt and Syria. The Qatar Investment Authoritys investment in UK include the acquisition of 4 of the largest nursing home chains for approximately five billion USD. Moreover, the Qatar Investment Authority has critical interest in the Canary Wharf Estate in London. The Qatar Investment Authority also owns as well as is currently developing a large prime location retail mall in Kuala Lumpur. The Qatar Investment Authority also directly possess 100% of Qatar National Hotels Company. The Qatar Investment Authority has direct stakes in several Qatari blue chip companies including QNB and Qtel as well as co-invest alongside them in private equity. The Qatar Investment Authoritys private equity further looks after the domestic private equity as well as venture capital initiatives including the Qatar Foundation. The Qatar Investment Authoritys international investments include stakes in the United Kingdom-based 4 Seasons Healthcare, Nordic Exchange OMX, London Stock Exchange Group, Lagardere of France, Singapores Raffles Medical Group and Jordans Housing Bank of Trade and Finance (Do Sovereign and Citizens 2008). The Qatar Investment Authority also sold stake in the London Stock Exchange Group to help buy Frank Russell. On the other hand Norges Bank Investment Management, has invested 60% in equities, 35% in fixed income and 5% in real estate markets. The Norges Bank Investment Management invests in a broad range of countries, companies, and assets to acquire the highest possible return with the moderate risk as outlined by the Ministry of Finance. Some of the largest equity investment include Nestle (CH), Apple (US), Royal Dutch Shell (UK), Alphabet (US), Roche Holding (CH), Novartis (CH) and Microsoft (US). In the real estate management, Norges Bank Investment Management fund is slowly increasing the real estate investment to as much as five percent of its assets via the corresponding reduction in its bond holding. Governance The policy objectives of Sovereign Wealth Funds differ, depending on the wide macro fiscal objectives that they aim at addressing. The organizational structure requires to have a precise distinction of responsibilities as well as authority. Accordingly, a well-defined structure builds a decision making hierarchy which limits risks by making sure the integrity of and effective control over SWF management activities. The Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) is governed by the board of directors and the Qatars State Audit Bureau is responsible for auditing the QIA financial operations. On the other hand, the Norges Bank Investment Management is governed by the Ministry of Finance that owns the fund on behalf of the Norwegians. The Ministry has established the general investment strategy together with rules for the fund in the Management Mandate for the Government Pension Fund Global following the consultation with the Norges Bank and the debate in the Storting. The Norges Bank has been mandated to manage the fund. The Executive Board has also delegated the operational management of the fund to the Norges Bank Investment Management. The governance model of the Norges Bank Investment Management builds on a clear delegation of duties as well as effective system for control and supervision. Storting-the Norwegian parliament has laid a formal framework for fund in the Government Pension Fund Act. The Ministry of Finance enjoys the overall responsibility for the management of the Norges Bank Investment Management fund. The Ministry has issued guidelines for the management of Norges Bank Investment Management in the Management Mandate for the Government Pension Fund Global (Beck and Fidora 2008). Conclusion The paper has offered a comprehensive discussion about the Norges Bank Investment Management and the Qatar Investment Authority using the five facets such as taxation, regulatory system, governance, markets, and ethical dilemmas through a compare-contrast approach. It is clear from the discussion that some similarities and differences exist based on the above mentioned facets. What is clear from the discussion is that the mandate of these two Sovereign Wealth Funds is more or less similar and that the ownership is by the government. It has been shown from the discussion that the regulation and management of these two funds is done by the respective countrys government through the Ministry of Finance and the Central Bank. It also clear that both SWFs use reciprocal tax exemption in their taxation arrangements. References Beck, R. and Fidora, M., 2008. The impact of sovereign wealth funds on global financial markets. Intereconomics, 43(6), pp.349-358. Do Sovereign, W.F.B. and Citizens, R., 2008. Sovereign Wealth Funds. Jen, S., 2007. Sovereign wealth funds. World economics, 8(4), pp.1-7. Jen, S.L., 2009. How big could sovereign wealth funds be by 2015?. Revue d'conomie Financire. Johnson, S., 2007. The rise of sovereign wealth funds. Finance and Development, 44(3), p.56. Truman, E.M., 2009. A blueprint for sovereign wealth fund best practices. Revue d'conomie financire (English ed.), 9(1), pp.429-451.

Out Of Africa Essays (294 words) - Karen Blixen, Danish Literature

Out Of Africa Out of Africa The story is about a Danish girl, her name is Karen Blixen who went to Africa after she married with Baron. In Africa and more precisely in Kenya she started to run a coffee-farm. But its failure in 1931 caused her to return to Denmark. Baroness Karen Blixen spent 17 years in Africa. Karen began the coffee-farm with her husband, and continued to oversee the farm even after she separated in 1925. Th e farm was an unprofitable venture. Blixen shares her experiences in her book. actually she is not like all the other colonists. She helps the Kikoejoes, they are the native population Ngong Hills. When the children are sick she helps them and she gives them medicines. Kamante is her cook and he his a native child. Kamante is her cook because one day Karen helped him whit a disease . Denys is a friend of Karen, he liked to her a story tolded . Denys lived in her house between safari. He was a good friend. Denys also had a plane and from time to time Karen flew with him over Africa. When Karen left Africa she had to say goodbye to a lot of peoples. E everybody liked her. She was a friendly girl and when she was in Denmark she received letters from her friend sin Kenya. It is not a book like an other. Karen describes her surroundings -Africa's people, she pays careful attention to detail. I have chosen this book because I have lived in Africa for 11 years and while I was reading the book I recognised a lot of things. I knew what she was talking about. It looked so familiar to me. And so I liked the book. Book Reports

mitchell 50 alternatives to the book re Essay

mitchell 50 alternatives to the book re Essay mitchell 50 alternatives to the book re Essay Jan-feat.qxd 12/9/97 11:24 AM Page 92 Fifty Alternatives to the Book Report Diana Mitchell Students tire of responding to novels in the same ways. They want new ways to think about a piece of literature and new ways to dig into it. It is hoped that this diverse group of suggestions will whet the interest of students in exploring new directions and in responding with greater depth to the books they read. 1. Character astrology signs. After reading brief descriptions of the astrology or sun signs, figure out which signs you think three of the main characters from your book were born under. Write an explanation of why you think they fit the sign, drawing on their actions, attitudes, and thoughts from the book. 2. Heroes and superheroes. Select two or three people your character would think of as a hero or superhero. Describe the characteristics of the hero and why those characteristics would be important to your character. Also describe which characteristics your character would most want for himself/herself that the hero or superhero possesses. 3. Create a childhood for a character. If your main character is an adult, try to figure out what he or she would have been like as a child. Write the story of his or her childhood in such a way that shows why he or she is the way he or she is in the novel. 4. Critique from the point of view of a specific organization. Select an organization that might have a lot to say about the actions or portrayals of characters in the novel you TEACHING IDEAS read, and write a critique of the book from its point of view. For example the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals might have a lot to say about Lennie’s treatment of animals in Of Mice and Men, The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People on the portrayal of Crooks, and the National Organization of Women on the portrayal of Curley’s wife and the fact that she was never given a name. 5. Social worker’s report. If the events in the novel merit it, write up a report as a social worker would on the conditions in the home and whether or not it’s a good environment for a child. For example, if a social worker went to the McNabs’ house in Maniac Magee by Jerry Spinelli (1990, Little, Brown) how would she describe the home and parenting style of Mr. McNab? What would her recommendations be? 6. College application. Create the application that a character you have just read about could write and submit to a college. Use all the information you know about the character and infer and create the rest of it. On the application include Name, Academic Rank in Class, High School Courses Taken and Grades, Extracurricular Activities and Personal Activi- ties, and Work Experience. Choose one of the following questions to answer in a two-page essay from the character’s point of view: what experience, event, or person has had a significant impact on your life? Discuss a situation where you have made a difference. Describe your areas of interest, your personality, and how they relate to why you would like to attend this college. 7. School counselor’s recommendation letter. Write a summary appraisal from the school counselor’s point of view that assesses the character’s academic and personal qualities and promise for study in college. The college is particularly interested in evidence about character, relative maturity, integrity, independence, values, special interest, and any noteworthy talents or qualities. Why do you feel this student would be well-suited to attend college? 8. Talk show invitation. Select a character, think about his or her involvements and experiences, then figure out which talk show would most want your character on as a guest. What would they want the character to talk about? Who else would they invite on the show to address the issues the character is involved in? Write up the correspondence between the talk show host and the character in which the host explains what the character should focus on while on

Motivation, Stress, and Communication Research Paper - 1

Motivation, Stress, and Communication - Research Paper Example Job responsibilities To manage the creation and execution of the marketing strategies and at the same time implement the tactical plans that meet the expectation of the company. Designing strategies for implementation of business development. Hiring and recruiting the sales force and the training and induction programs are to be managed by the VP. Evaluation and development in the business strategies. Managing the multimillion-dollar budget. Responsible for overall sales, pricing policies and business development of the products and services in the company. Work closely with the product development team, merchandise sales and other senior executives in order to create demand and brand recognition for the Company (Thuraya, 2012). Skills and Specification Excellent team player and leadership skills so as to motivate the employees and bring the best possible talent out of them. Strong verbal as well as written communication kills along with interpersonal skills. Must possess an analytic al bent of mind and be good at building strong connections. Education and Qualification MBA with Marketing or Sales as specialization 10 years of marketing experience Motivate Performance via Goal Setting Theory Goal setting often plays an important role in the motivational programs and it would help the manager to get motivated to achieve a specific goal. Specific goals tend to lead to higher performance as compared to the generalized goals (DuBrin, 2011, p.400). Thus, the VP of Limited Brands would set specific goal in order to get motivated and work for the betterment of the organization. An increase in performance is directly proportionate to goal difficulty. The VP would set harder goals as the harder the goal is, the more it gets accomplished. Goals set will be used to evaluate and monitor the performance of the VP, as it increases the impact of goals set. The VP would relate its goal-setting objective to feedbacks from the senior members of the Limited Brands. Feedback is a m otivational principle within oneself. Positive feedback would encourage the VP to repeat the same positive behavior and work. In a way, it can be said that building feedback is to set an achievable short-term goals. The accomplishment of goals gets measured at a regular interval. Thus, short-term goals also tend to increase the motivational level of both the employers and employees. The VP would also set a specific team goal in order to increase the productivity. The Vice President of Limited Brands is a huge responsibility. He needs to look after the marketing and sales and at the same time enhances the brand value, thus in the process he needs to be motivated so that all the responsibilities are performed effectively. Analysis Managing Stress Stresses are part and parcel of life especially in the work place. Job stress naturally occurs while dealing with various activities and objectives of the company. As Vice President of Limited Brands, huge responsibility overheads the VP and he is expected to carry out the responsibility in an effective manner. However, it is important to handle the stress in an

Arguments for and against the Legitimacy of 2003 Invasion of Iraq Literature review

Arguments for and against the Legitimacy of 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Literature review Example Right through its history, America has not hesitated to use force under the pretexts of principles, sovereignty, and justice.   American military intervention in world affairs has risen drastically since the end of the Second World War.   The period following the Second World War saw America assume the role of a superpower that headed the western coalition in what was a bipolar world.   Since the collapse of Soviet Union, America has had at its disposal the most potent military force.   Its economic structure complements military spending; leading to a military industrial complex. Noted political commentator Ivo Daalder raises some valid questions regarding the legitimacy of the invasion.   Daalder argues that the invasion was illegitimate on two counts: 1.there was no provocation from Iraq and 2.the United Nations Security Council did not approve of the war.   Military actions of countries such as Iran and North Korea were condemned by the U.N. and the United States alike.   If the same standards were to be applied to all participant countries then the United States deserves its condemnation. On the other hand, supporters of the Bush Administration argue that toppling Saddam Hussein was a just act that needs no further legitimacyÃ'ŽÂ   Liberating the country from an oppressive dictatorship is deemed a just act in and of itself.   Apart from the geopolitical significance of Bush Administration’s militarism, the image of the country is also at stake.   Popular opinion in the rest of the world is very unfavorable towards Americans – they don’t seem to make a distinction between the government and its populace.   According to Robert Kagan, â€Å"To forge a renewed political consensus on the use of force, we first need to recognize that international legitimacy does matter. It matters to Americans, who want to believe they are acting justly and are troubled if others accuse them of selfish, immoral or otherwise illegitimate behavior. It matters to our democratic friends and allies, whose support may attest to the justness of the cause and whose participation may often be necessary to turn a military victory into a lasting political success.†

Cover letter &Resume Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cover letter &Resume - Essay Example Likewise, I have already established an education and design company in China, which gives me a competitive advantage through the experiences encountered in start-up and in operating a business endeavor. I came to the United States to earn a degree in Economics, which is a field of discipline I consider of crucial importance to contemporary global organizations. I plan to eventually venture in the international market and my gaining a degree in Economics in a prestigious university in the United States would give me significant advantage to succeed. the identified software programs; as well as navigate the Internet for research and other social activities with exemplary skills. I am also a good team player; I am highly motivated and flexible; as well as manifest the ability to efficiently handle multiple tasks, as required. I am hereby attaching my resume for your perusal. I could be reached at any of the contact numbers indicated therein. I would also be available for scheduled interviews at any of your most convenient time. Rest assured that when considered for the position, our professional relationship would definitely be mutually beneficial. I would be looking forward to hearing from you soon. Objective: My professional goal is to become part of a global organization and to apply the theoretical frameworks gained in the field of economics. As a highly motivated and immensely driven individual, I plan to be an instrumental contributor to future organizations through the application of developed skills in economic policy design, international business and global management, as well as in evaluating micro- and macro-perspectives affecting the organizations’ operations. "Spring 2014 Internship, Economic Security Washington D.C." 2014. The EastWest Institute.

Organizational Effectiveness and Leadership in Healthcare

Organizational Effectiveness and Leadership in Healthcare Miguel Boquer The success of a healthcare organization greatly depends on the effectiveness of the leadership in place. Leaders are a very integral part in the development and communication of new organizational strategies. Then, these strategies are shared throughout the organization as to motivate the employees so that they become more dedicated towards the organizations goals (The CEO Institute, 2016). Leaders must maintain certain competencies in order to be as effective as possible within any organization, which is why the best leaders are always looking for ways to improve themselves. If I am planning on being a leader at some point in the future for a healthcare organization, it is important that I take into consideration the competencies that I already possess to determine the areas in need of improvement. I will be using two competencies as an example, effective communication and self-management. Being an effective communicator is essential to leading any organization and I consider myself to be quite strong in this particular competency. Effective leaders must have a strong understanding of how to properly communicate to stakeholders, management, patients, employers, and any other important factors that affect the organization. Forms of communication have only improved over the years such as in the use of email, presentations, video conferencing, social media, or simply in-person. Then, there is the understanding of body language, tone of voice, or being a proactive listener to help you in becoming a better communicator. I initially learned how to become a gre at communicator as a student in a professional sales organization and then proceeded to practice effective communication throughout my professional career to this day. There is always so much to learn in regards to being an effective communicator. A survey that was conducted by Athena Health found that physicians significantly cited the ability to communicate as the most essential skill for management of healthcare. Physicians cited communication to be the top leadership skill to focus on for improvement, which is the area that would benefit the healthcare organization the most (Cosinuke, 2016). The second competency to discuss is self-management, which is an area where I find that I could always use a significant amount of improvement. The skills for self-management are the foundation of good leadership and a prerequisite of a excellent manager and leader. One of the most essential skills on managing oneself is emotional competencies (Kumar, Adhish, Chauhan, 2014). Dealing with emotions within the work environment can be challenging because work can tend to be a stressful environment. From personal experience, I find it difficult at times to prevent personal emotions from outside of work from affecting me entirely because it can be quite draining, especially with everything else you have to deal with in the workplace on top of that. I find it best to look for ways to cope with stress and emotions so that it will affect my professional work as minimal as possible. Emotional competencies are based on emotional intelligence and a particular amount of emotional intelligence is needed in order to learn the emotional competencies. Evidence has indicated that strong job performance is linked to high emotional intelligence (Kumar, Adhish, Chauhan, 2014). Individual behaviors can improve the quality of patient care significantly and emotional intelligence may explain why some practitioners and organizations are better at delivering patient care. It has also been shown to have a positive effect on teamwork, communication, stress management, organizational commitment, and effective leadership (Warren, 2013). These are just two of many competencies that are imperative towards being a great leader within a healthcare organization. Personal improvement is a long, worthwhile process. I hope to continue developing my competencies so that I can be a great leader some day. References: Cosinuke, R. (2016). Communication is the most important leadership trait. Retrieved from https://insight.athenahealth.com/communication-is-the-most-important-healthcare-leadership-trait/. Kumar, S., Adhish, V. S., Chauhan, A. (2014). Managing Self for Leadership. Indian Journal of Community Medicine: Official Publication of Indian Association of Preventive Social Medicine, 39(3), 138-142. http://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.137148. The CEO Institute. (2016). The Importance of Business Leadership. Retrieved from http://www.ceoinstitute.com/leadership-training/business-leadership/. Warren, B. (2013). Healthcare Emotional Intelligence: Its Role in Patient Outcomes and Organizational Success. Retrieved from http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/hospital-management-administration/healthcare-emotional-intelligence-its-role-in-patient-outcomes-and-organizational-success.html.

Animal Testing Needs To Stop Essay -- essays research papers

Cosmetic and drug companies should stop animal testing. By animal testing, the companies not only violate the animals' rights (which is breaking the law), but their testing methods are hazardous which endanger the animal's life. Finally, the companies should stop animal testing because each year we lose hundreds of thousands of animals and could make a difference by stopping this cruelty. Stop the animal testing, and save a life. To start with, cosmetic and drug companies should stop animal testing their products. By animal testing, they not only violate the animals' rights- they are breaking the law. Animals cannot speak for themselves so when they are unwillingly tested on, they cannot say anything in their own defense. The companies that test on animals violate the rights that were given to all living beings-including animals. As most know, this is illegal to break the law, yet still they get away with it. Who wants these companies taking charge of our rights- our freedom? Therefore, animals should not be used as lab specimens just so we humans can indulge ourselves in beauty products. Take a stand against animal testing, immediately, and stop this brutal treatment that is being done to these defenseless animals. Above all, help save their lives, and help show others how important it is that people know just how big of a difference they can make. In addition to breaking the law and violating animal rights, the cosmetic and drug companies endanger the helpless animals with their destructive testing methods and procedures. Scientists have tested up to twenty animals at a single time. In that experiment, each individual animal died. Their testing methods are not only horrible, but they are deadly. Whethe... ... To review, animal testing does nothing helpful to anyone except to cover up themselves with fashionable beauty products in which hundreds of thousands of innocent animals die every year. The companies that test violate the animal?s rights and at the same time, break the law. Animal testing for medicines, and make up is unreasonable and cruel to the animal. Finally, the companies testing methods are hazardous and deadly, and endanger the animal?s life- if they do not die first. Animal testing should be stopped and ban from ever being done again. Animal testing is not a requirement and therefore it does not have to be done. There are alternatives to animal testing and yet we fail to see them. By stopping animal testing, you can save hundreds of thousands of animals a year. These animals do not deserve to be treaty so viciously. Stop animals testing and save a life.

Jean Piagets Theory

Throughout history, many people have made many contributions to the school of psychology. One individual is that of Jean Piaget and his theories on the cognitive development stages. Jean Piaget was born in Neuchatel, Switzerland, where he studied at the university and received a doctorate in biology at the age of 22. Following college he became very interested in psychology and began to research and studies of the subject. With his research Piaget created a broad theoretical system for the development of cognitive abilities.His work, in this way, was much like that of Sigmund Freud, but Piaget emphasized the ways that children think and acquire knowledge. Piaget referred to his theory as genetic epistemology. This is defined as the study of the acquisition, modification, and growth of abstract ideas and the abilities as on the basis of an inherited or biological substrate, an intelligent functioning that makes the growth of abstract thought possible. (Ginsburg 5) Piaget derived his t heories from directly observing children and by questioning them about their thinking.He was less interested in whether the children answered correctly than how they arrived at their answers. Piaget viewed intelligence as an extension of biological adaptation that has a logical structure. One of the central points of his theories was that of epigenesis. This is that growth and development occur in a series of stages, each of which is built on the successful mastery of the previous stage. (Furth 33) Piaget described four major stages leading to the capacity for adult thought.Each stage is a prerequisite for the following stage, but the rate at which different children move through different stages varies with their heredity and environment. Piaget's four stages are the sensorimotor stage, the stage of preoperational thought, the stage of concrete operations and the stage of formal operations. The first stage that Piaget felt all children go through was the sensorimotor stage. This st age occurs between birth and two years of age.This is the stage when Infants begin to learn through sensory observation, and they gain control of their motor functions through activity, exploration and manipulation of the environment. (Furth 29) From birth, biology and experience work together to produce learned behavior. As infants become more mobile, one action is built upon another action, forming new and more complex actions. Infants' spatial, visual, and tactile worlds expand during this period in which children actively interact with their environment and use previously learned behaviors.The critical achievement of this period is the development of object permanence. This is the indication that a child has the ability to understand that objects have an existence independent of the child's involvement with them. Infants learn to differentiate themselves from the world and are able to maintain a mental image of an object, even when it is not present and visible. (Rotman 40) At a bout 18 months, infants begin to develop mental symbols and to use words. This process is called symbolization. Infants are able to create a visual or mental image of an object to stand for or signify the real object.The attainment of object permanence marks the transition from the sensorimotor stage to the preoperational stage. During the stage of peoperational thought, children use language and symbols more extensively than in the sensorimotor stage. Children learn without the use of reasoning, therefore are unable to think logically or deductively. Children are able to name the object but they are unable to categorize or class these objects. Preopreational thought is midway between socialized adult thought and the completely autistic freudian unconscious. (Furth 57) Events are also not linked by logic.In this stage, children begin to use language and drawings in more elaborate ways. From once using one word utterances they begin to use two word phrases, which make up a single nou n and verb. Children in this developmental stage are ecogentric. They see themselves as the center of the universe, therefore they are unable to take the role of another person. In addition , children use animistic thinking which is the tendency to endow events and objects with lifelike attributes. The stage of concrete operations is so named because in this period children operate and act on the concrete, real, and perceivable world of objects and events.Egocentric thought is replaced by operational thought, which involves dealing with a wide array of information outside the child. Therefore, children can now see things from someone else's perspective. Children in this stage begin to use limited logical thought and processes and are able to order and group things in classes on the basis of common characteristics. The child is able to reason and to follow rules and regulations. They are able to regulate themselves , and they begin to develop a moral sense and a code of values.Conser vation is the ability to recognize that, although the shape of objects may change, the mass and amount stay the same. For example, if you put the same amount of liquid in two containers the child may think there is more in the taller cylinder. Children also begin to understand reversibility, which is the capacity to understand the relationship between things. They begin to realize that one thing can turn into another and back again. The most important sign that children are still in the preoperational stage is that they have not achieved conservation or reversibility.Dealing with the future and its possibilities occurs in the formal operational stage. The formal operation stage deals with the ages of eleven through the end of adolescence. This stage is characterized by the ability to think abstractly, to reason deductively, and to define concepts. It also is shown by adolescents' interest in a variety of issues including philosophy, religion, ethics, and politics. Another main part of this stage is that of Hypothetic deductive thinking. This is the highest organization of cognition and enables people to make a hypothesis or proposition and to test it against reality.Deductive reasoning moves from the general to the particular and is a more complicated process than inductive reasoning, which moves from particular to general. (Rotman 44) This step also brings about self-conscious behavior because of the ability to reflect on their own and other people's thoughts. As adolescents attempt to master new cognitive tasks, they may return to egocentric thought, but on a higher level than in the past. Not all adolescents enter the stage at the same time or to the same degree. Depending on individual capacity some may not reach the stage at all and may remain in concrete operational mode throughout life.Despite the psychiatric applications Piaget's theories have been applied more widely in the area of education. Piaget's concepts have been used to resolve educational pro blems, such as assessing intellectual development, scholastic aptitude, grade placement, and reading readiness. Innovative early school programs, such as Head Start can be traced to Piaget's believe that experience plays a major role in human thought. Throughout his writings Piaget emphasized that the greater richness, complexity, and the diversity of the environment, the greater the likelihood that high levels of mental functioning are achieved.

Fundraising Presentation

Fundraising Presentation, Gyumri April 15 –April 16, 2013 I. The Basics of Fundraising a. What is fundraising? i. Raising money for a cause or project ii. Includes building a prospect pool, asking for money or in-kind donations, meeting donor expectations, clearly defining needs and resources, thanking the donors (stewardship), events, public relations, and monitoring and evaluation iii. Most important aspect: relationships, which can take time to develop b. Why is funding diversity important? iv. Chair example: If a chair only has one leg, it is unstable and will fall over.The more legs a chair has, the more stable it becomes. Same for an organization, if an organization has a sole funder, their success is determinant upon the stability of that relationship and continued funding. The more funders an organization has, the more stable they are. If one funder pulls their support, the organization does not collapse. c. Think about your organization for which you are fundraising ( hand out index cards for everyone to write their answers) v. What is their mission? vi. What is their vision? vii. Why do they exist? viii. What would happen if this organization didn’t exist? x. Why are you here? x. Can everyone from your organization, your community, your beneficiaries, your donors, etc clearly define the mission of the organization and is it basically the same? xi. Is the financial support you have received in the past and are looking to secure in the future in line with your mission? xii. Look at yourselves as a public benefit organization d. Presentation of the Organization xiii. Are you all working towards the same mission? xiv. â€Å"Elevator Pitch† 1. Clear and concise description of your organization, its work, and its value 2.Thirty seconds to two minutes (one of the most important interactions with your donor) 3. All staff, volunteers, and those associated with your organization should have a pitch 4. Give Peace Corps example 5. Homework for second day xv. Needs of the NGO 6. Needs include money, resources, materials, trainings, etc. 7. Can you tell me today what your specific needs are and how much those needs would cost? (Financial/ Resources Needs Assessment) xvi. Public Relations 8. Website, Newsletters, Email Updates, Facebook page 9.All of your social media and newsletters should be consistent with each other, updated at the same time with comparable information 10. We’ll go into more details about Public relations shortly e. Donor Expectations xvii. If you were to give money to an organization, what would you want in return? 11. Elevator Pitch 12. Clearly defined mission and vision 13. Reasons why they should invest in your NGO/project 14. Projects, ideas, and plans for which you need financial support 15. Overview of successful projects you have done in the past 16.Reports 17. Good reputation in the community and with beneficiaries 18. Communication, Honesty, Transparency 19. Commitment and cohesiveness of the staff 20. What exactly you are going to do with their money f. Donor Relations and Stewardship xviii. Updates to donor xix. How are you thanking them? xx. How are you recognizing their donation? xxi. Will they give again? xxii. Will go into more details about this shortly II. Identifying and Working with Donors g. Donor Prospect Pool xxiii. Who might want to give to this organization? brainstorm a list) 21. Parishioners of the church 22. World Vision, Caritas, other NGO’s in the community with resources to give 23. Family and friends 24. Local community members (why is what you’re doing important to them? , Who will feel moved by the work you are doing? ) 25. Diaspora 26. Corporations – VivaCell, Orange Foundation, Coca Cola 27. Realities of fundraising in Armenia a. Grants- majority are international b. Corporate Giving/ Corporate Social Responsibility- new concept here in Armenia c.Government funding- In 2011, the state provided NGO’s with $8 mil lion, mostly to sports federations and state-funded or state-operated organizations on a noncompetitive basis d. Individual donations e. Community Support f. Diaspora g. Funding Diversity h. Projects being donor driven not mission driven i. Overhead costs xxiv. Who do you know? xxv. Relationships are the key to building your prospect pool xxvi. Invite potential prospects to visit your organization, build the relationship before you ask them for something h. What makes a person or organization donate? xvii. If you meet with an organization, how do you expect them to present themselves to you? 28. Clear, concise, honest overview 29. Well thought out, able to easily identify the mission, vision, and beneficiaries to be served 30. Overview of successful projects, current projects, and future plans 31. Overview of specific needs of the NGO xxviii. Do you believe in the mission and vision? 32. A donor has to believe in the mission or vision, or you have to help them believe, give them rea sons to care. xxix. How do they have to use your money and what do you want in return from them? 33.Communication, honesty, transparent used exactly as they say it will be used for effective projects xxx. What will make you give again? 34. communication, success, beneficiary satisfaction, reporting, relationship with the organization, recognition of the organization, name in the community/associated with the project xxxi. What kind of relationship do you expect from the NGO? 35. strong leadership, honesty, communication, want to feel proud of the work they are doing and the reputation they have in the community, understanding of strategic goals, I want to see the organization has taken the time to define themselves III.Fundraising Plan i. Should be written on an annual basis j. Who is going to write the plan? xxxii. Should have a lead who collaborates with your Director, key stakeholders, and the board k. Start with your fundraising goal (how much money do you need? ) xxxiii. This f undraising goal amount should be based on the needs of the organization xxxiv. How much money needs to be raised/ resources secured in order to carry out the activities which your organization wants to carry out over the next year? l. The mission/ message (Why do you need the money? xxxv. What do you plan to do with the money you raise? xxxvi. Line by line- what are you using your budget for? m. The Tactics (How are you going to raise this money? ) xxxvii. Figure out how you are going to raise different amounts of money over the course of the next year and where that money is going to go. xxxviii. Identify different tactics 36. Individual Giving 37. Major Donor Groups- talking with larger corporations 38. Events 39. Online giving 40. Participatory Fundraising 41. Grants 42. Corporate Giving Programs n. The Timeline xxix. Create the timeline to include dates for all events and fundraising goals throughout the year IV. Donor Relations and Stewardship (managing the gift, thanking and k eeping the donor engaged) o. The comprehensive effort of any nonprofit that seeks philanthropic support to ensure that donors experience high-quality interactions with the organization that foster long-term engagement and investment. This effort is commonly thought to have four elements. xl. Gift acceptance and management 43. Your organizations policies and procedures for gifts. 44.Discussion about how the gift is going to be used, making sure the donors requests and the organizations needs are in line. 45. Procedures to track how the gift is being used. 46. Structures for Giving Opportunities (Example: donor recognition pieces/plaques, named spaces, or giving societies) xli. Acknowledgement 47. Thanking the donor j. Personalized letters, E-mails, phone calls, visits- should happen within the first week in which the gift is received xlii. Donor Recognition 48. How do your donors wanted to be recognized for their giving? 49.Mention in the newsletter, announcement at events, naming a space, donor plaques, press release, 50. This is the public forum for thanking a donor for their gift but need to ask for donor permission to do so. 51. For Participatory Fundraising- announcing and rewarding the top fundraisers publicly 52. Honor Rolls- announcement of donors to the organization printed publicly and thanking the donors through this forum. 53. Donor Walls/Donor Plaques- having a space in the center where donor names are listed for the public and your beneficiaries to see 54.Donor Recognition Events, awards, mementos, and volunteer opportunities-these not only are fun for the donors, but also help to strengthen your relationship with your donors and also show them that they are important to you. Can be big events with all of your donors or intimate lunches with the Director and/or some of your beneficiaries. xliii. Reporting (also referred to as stewardship) 55. Telling the donor the impact they are making on the mission of your organization or the specific projects they have given to. Why their giving has made a difference. 56.Two different ways of reporting: qualitative (storytelling confirming the usage of funds) and quantitative (shows the carrying out of spending funds properly) V. Public Relations (or PR) p. Everything your organization does to get public/press coverage of what your work q. Why is it important? xliv. Gets the word out and communicates your message xlv. Builds your audience xlvi. Builds your credibility and reputation within your community, with your beneficiaries, and your donors, thus helping to foster stronger relationships xlvii.Shows the results and successes of your work xlviii. Good time to use your elevator pitch r. Examples of PR xlix. Printed materials 57. Newsletters 58. Press Releases (work with your local media) 59. Brochures 60. Announcements about projects including donor/supporters names 61. Can be a two way street with your supporters (donors and volunteers) l. Television 62. Use for advertising about prog rams/projects or upcoming events 63. Can also be used for purposes of interviewing about your organization li. Online 64. Website 65. Facebook 66.Email blasts 67. Online newsletters/news stories lii. Special Events 68. Lectures or talks with experts, beneficiaries or having one of your donors to come in and speak 69. Volunteer Day s. Why is PR important for fundraising? liii. Can increase the money and resources coming in liv. New prospects find you 70. People learn about your work 71. If really good coverage- prospects come to you to learn more, volunteer, and possibly even invest in your work lv. Raising General Awareness 72. Remember to refer to yourself as a public benefit organization 73.Raising awareness in your immediate community about the work which is being done around them and the need to help accomplish those goals 74. Helps people remember your name and your mission lvi. â€Å"Social Proof† 75. Again building on your credibility- coverage shows that what you are doing is important and a leader in your community 76. Can also bring your public relations materials during donor meetings to further engage donors. VI. Let’s create a campaign! t. Make a plan lvii. What are we raising money for? lviii. Why are we raising money for this? lix. How much money do we need? lx.When do we need the money? 77. How are we going to raise the money? lxi. Who is going to be on the committee? lxii. What kind of advertising are we going to do for the campaign? lxiii. What kind of materials/resources do we need for the campaign? lxiv. How are we going to engage and thank our donors? u. What are we raising money for? lxv. Pick one project/event you would like to do with your organization 78. Birthday parties for kids with disabilities 79. Gifts/events for the chronically ill v. How much money do we need? lxvi. Create an overall budget which not only includes money but also resources lxvii.Can also create a useful tool to provide for your donors 80. Show them what their money will do: If you donate XX, we can include 5 more adults in our trainings for example. w. When do we need the money? 81. Create a timeline of not only the deadline, but all things which need to be done between now and the deadline as well as who is going to do those things x. How are we going to raise the money? lxviii. Participatory Fundraising (Get the crowd involved in your campaign, have to be very careful with planning to make sure the investment you make in these events is worth the return) 82.Athons- Walk-a-thons, Dance-a-thons, Read-a-thons k. a type of community or school fundraiser in which participants raise money by collecting donations or pledges for walking a predetermined distance or course, dancing for a predetermined amount of time, or read a certain amount of books within a predetermined time frame. 83. Spare Change boxes in the church 84. Raffles l. Sell raffle tickets for a particular item or a 50/50 raffle 85. Auctions m. People bid on certain i tems which have been donated for the cause. 86.Game competitions or carnival (Lemon ball) Each guest pays 1,000 dram for a lemon and closest lemon the bottle wins it. 87. Futbol tournament n. Have each team pay a certain amount to be a part of the tournament which will be donated to the organization. lxix. Individual Donors 88. Create a list of people/companies/organizations which may be interested in giving to this campaign lxx. Online Giving 89. Firstgiving. com y. Who is going to be involved in the committee? lxxi. Who needs to be included in all of the decisions made? Who is going to be in charge of which part of the campaign? . What kind of advertising are we going to do for the campaign? lxxii. Objective and Goals of the campaign lxxiii. Choose a campaign title 90. Race for the Cure (Run Breast Cancer out of Town) 91. Relay for Life (American Cancer Society) lxxiv. Create an â€Å"About the campaign† lxxv. How are we engaging the press? lxxvi. How are we updating our ow n online/print presence? {. What materials/ resources are we going to need? lxxvii. For example: how many people/volunteers are needed and for what amount of time lxxviii. Do you need prizes/awards xxix. Do you need space to put on the event lxxx. Need to think about things that may happen (for example, if it rains during the futbol tournament, what other arrangements need to be made? ) |. How are we going to engage and thank our donors? lxxxi. If participatory fundraising: need prizes/ awards for top fundraisers, guidelines, and thank yous lxxxii. Thank you letters, personalized, emails, phone calls, meetings lxxxiii. Online giving- should have thank you letters sent and update after the project is successful Fundraising P

Free Essays on Sand And Blue Skies

that I want to say and say them just the right way. As my fingers grasp her hand tighter †¦ â€Å"Mellissa, I love you more than anything in this world. I would’ve hoped that you knew this and didn’t worry about anything like that. I have already applied ... Free Essays on Sand And Blue Skies Free Essays on Sand And Blue Skies Chapter One â€Å"I used to dream about places like this. Back when I was in second grade. Sometimes during school, while Mrs. Perkins was trying to teach us how to divide math problems and do fractions. And sometimes when I didn’t want to take a bath and my mother was scolding me for it.† I look at her face as I say this. My beautiful Melissa. Irish-European. Coal-black-hair and baby blue eyes. And she is all mine. I wonder how she feels right about now, as we stand in the tall grassy fields of Oklahoma. The wind is breathing slowly down our necks, brushing our cheeks in a slow silent greeting of hello. The sun is about to set in the east, purple violet and pinkish orange clouds billow away with the wind. And here we stand just the two of us. In mutual silence. Sometimes I find it amazing how easy it is for us to be in each other’s company. No frantic kissing, nothing like that. We just sit there and hold hands. As long as we can. As I look at her I see her in a whole different perspective. Around others she seems so aloof with who she is, untouchable. She seems to stay by herself. She seems to wait for the time that we spend together silently. I do to. And I cherish it with all my heart. I do. â€Å"Dorian, what are we going to do after we finish high school? I mean, you still want to be with me right. My father says that you will just leave just like Steve and Ricky did. Left their girls all alone. I don’t want that to happen to me. Alone without you to talk to. We could go to the same college couldn’t we?† As she looks at me with tears sliding slowly down her face I wish that I could do anything in the world to stop this. And I can. I think about the words that I want to say and say them just the right way. As my fingers grasp her hand tighter †¦ â€Å"Mellissa, I love you more than anything in this world. I would’ve hoped that you knew this and didn’t worry about anything like that. I have already applied ...

Anne Bradford Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Anne Bradford - Thesis Example In this paper, two of the main works of Anne Bradstreet, which include ‘The prologue’ and ‘To My Dear and Loving Husband’, will be compared in order to get a better understanding of how she integrated the use of two voices in her poetry. The Prologue is one of such poems of Bradstreet, which reveals the mindset of the people of the 17th century. Rich states, â€Å"Seventeenth-century Puritan life was perhaps the most self-conscious ever lived in its requirements of the individual understanding† (x). In the poem, Bradstreet acknowledges the passive role of women in the society. She seems to be revealing that women are not considered equal to men and are subjected to remain at homes in order to take care of their husbands and children. She says that women are not given opportunities to play an active role in the society. In the poem, Bradstreet acknowledges the fact that men always do best for their families. On the other hand, she thinks that the society do not consider women capable of taking difficult decisions. She does not seem to be happy with the mindset of the society and wants women to be more social along with playing traditional roles in their families. In the first half of the poem, Bradstreet describes the passive role of women in the society whereas in the second half, she tries to make people aware of the fact that women also can do good for their families not only by remaining at homes but also as working women. She shows her anger at the mindset of people. She wants women to be treated fairly in the society. She tries to educate people that women are also intelligent and talented and can perform hard duties of life perfectly. She acknowledges men’s role in the society and claims that women can also play a productive role. Bradstreet states in her poem, â€Å"Men can do best, and Women know it well. Preeminence in all and each is yours; Yet grant some small acknowledgement of ours† (40-42).

What is the next thing they target or introduce Essay

What is the next thing they target or introduce - Essay Example To address the problem, and in targeting a larger customer base, the company has embarked on cost cutting as a way of raising money to be used in investment and reaching out to more customers. According to Peters (2014), this can be used to cut costs and improve business. The company mostly targets students as they do not have cars. This puts them at a good position to be potential customers for the company. However, the company has to ensure that it reaches out to the customers otherwise it won’t be able to reap from the customers. The next big thing for the company is cutting continual budget in an effort to remain afloat and also continue to cut routes and schedules for the administration. This is being done to ensure that the company remains afloat and operating on its popular routes. The company is aiming at increasing its returns during the peak season as with little money coming from the government, they need to improve their strategies. They were evaluating an idea of using smaller buses though the idea is not totally feasible at the moment. It is also planning to lease out space to renters to ensure that it gets more

Customer Satisfaction in Baskin Robbins Research Paper

Customer Satisfaction in Baskin Robbins - Research Paper Example According to the research findings, customer satisfaction was defined as a post-choice judgment made by the customer after making a particular purchase of the product on offer. After the preliminary research and some interview with the employees, it was clear that the three strategies are vital in determining customer satisfaction. This hypothesis was tested through conducting interviews and questionnaires, and from the results, the hypothesis was accepted. Therefore, there is a correlation between customer satisfaction and the three strategies. Baskin-Robbins is situated in Canton, Massachusetts, and it is rated globally as the biggest franchise that sells ice creams. This company is well known as a home of diverse and delicious cakes, shakes, pies, various drinks, frozen yogurt, sherbet, cones and much more ice cream flavors. This company was formed by Burt Baskin and Irv Robbins back in the year 1945. However, these two individuals had the passion for venturing into ice creams bus iness. During the 35th annual franchise ranking, Baskin-Robbins was named by the United States as the leading ice cream and frozen dessert merchandise. The company has more than 1,000 different flavors of ice cream and all are being served in more than 50 countries globally. Their retail outlets are approximately more than 7,300 worldwide. Baskin-Robbins is trying its level best to provide a store environment that is conducive to both the customers and the general public; however, this was part of their long-term plans in their previous budget. Moreover, quite a good number of people have been employed, and they have a favorable service performance hence the relationship with the customers would be good. Lastly, things are being put in place to improve the accessibility of the store or the shops so that each and every customer is attended to.

Improving Student Learning Through Technology Essay Example for Free

Improving Student Learning Through Technology Essay Abstract In this day and age of all sorts of technological advancements, the wonders and possibilities for convenience and assistance could be met almost instantaneously. From arms’ reach to finger tip accessibility of knowledge and information, these advancements only pose greater advantages for more and more people, especially for the school and university sector. The dawn of the valuable personal computer, the mighty internet, and more soon to follow show only promise of development, improving further the chances of success for students is bettered. It would only be of true benefit because as these students step and extend into the real world, they shall be technically and technologically well-equipped to face anything and everything. Improving Student Learning Through Technology The essential purpose of education is one which opts to offer every student the chance to be able to succeed in life, amidst any challenge, circumstance, and failure. This goal could be better realized if and when all efforts, tools, and processes for education are used and optimized to it full potential. With numerous advances among the lines of technology, almost all issues of social, political, economic, and also academic importance could be facilitated with much ease and efficiency. With the use these various tools made easily available, students’ overall learning processes could be improved which would greatly benefit them. With subjects such as Algebra, Physics, and Chemistry, it must be considered that students are very much accustomed the more traditional methods of teaching, learning, and everything else that comes with it. Through the use of new technologies, a fresh, innovative approach is taken, which would stimulate and keep the students interested. Hence, scholarly institutions must recognize the habits of their students and capitalize on such opportunities. They must learn how to adapt with the changing times and incorporate use of technology in their programs. Take for instance gaming programs on the surface and as presented, such tools are used more for leisure than learning. However, the Queensland Government (2008) emphasizes that this must be implemented with function: â€Å"purposefully selected games blended with carefully constructed learning experiences can be used to improve student learning outcomes† (n.p.). Such options are often overlooked, for they are believed to only serve as distractions. However, as argued, the games must of course integrate needed scholarly requirements to help the students learn with passion and sustainable interest. Academic bodies and organization may take this in serious account, for it could truly bring a new sense of learning element that the more traditional methods of education may be lacking. References Queensland Government (2008). Games in learning. Queensland Government: Department of Education, Training and the Arts. Retrieved November 6, 2008, from http://education.qld.gov.au/smartclassrooms/strategy/dp/games.html.

The Cobb Douglas Function

The Cobb Douglas Function This chapter will discuss the estimated techniques theories and the equation, it is include the Unit root test and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds test. And the data sources also discuss in this part. 3.1 Endogenous growth theory and modeling In the economic condition, the Cobb-Douglas functional form of production functions is commonly used to represent the relationship of an output to inputs. It was predictable by Knut Wicksell (1851-1926) and tested against statistical evidence by Charles Cobb and Paul Douglas in the years of 1900-1928. The production function is shown as below: Y = ALÃŽÂ ±KÃŽÂ ², (1) Where the symbol of transformation for the Cobb-Douglas function is: = Total production (the monetary value of all goods produced in a year) = Labor input = Capital input = Total productivity growth The and are the output elasticity of labor and capital simultaneously. These values are constant determined by available technology. For output eleasticity the receptiveness of output to a change in levels of both labor and capital used in production in the condition of ceteris paribus. Such as if =0.20, it will show that the 1% increase in labor will lead to a 0.2% increase in output. ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ² = 1, These function indicate that the constant return to scale in production function. That means if L and K are each increase 30%, Y will increase in 30% too. If the return to scale are decreasing and return to scale are increasing, this will be show as below: Expect it on the perfect competition, the and can be indicate to be the both labor and capital share of output. The Cobb-Douglas function are influnced by statistical evidence that come into sight to show that labor and capital shares of total output are constant over time in developed countries, the researchers clarified this by statistical fitting least squares regression in their production function. It is show that having doubt over whether constancy over time exists. But according to Yao and Wei (2007), through joint ventures local firms have been able to imitate foreign technologies and started to produce their own models or supply parts to foreign industries. There is no doubt that FDI has not only helped improve the production efficiency of domestic firms but also helped to push Koreas production frontier towards the worlds most advanced levels. Assume that there are two countries in the world: one is an industrialized economy A and the other is a newly industrializing economy (B) and both countries will follow a Cobb-Douglas production technology: (2) Where Y, K, L are respectively to GDP, capital and labor, j and t denote country (A, B) and time. And g(z) is a function of various factors affecting production efficiency and the production frontier, including exports, human capital, FDI, institutions and others. As country A is richer and has a higher K/L ratio than country B, country A tends to make investments in B in order to maximize returns to capital, as long as à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡YBt /à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡KBt > à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡YAt /à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡KAt holds true. According to Yao and Wei (2007), in this two-country perspective, both countries should have mutual benefits for cross-border movement of capital to take place. The benefit for A is that it can maximize returns to its capital and has access to Bs market. The benefit for B is that it can have access to As technology and improve per capita income so that the income gap between A and B declines over time. Another assumption is that both countries invest in science and technology to create knowledge and innovation. However, because A has better endowments in both physical and human capital, it is more able to innovate and hence produce a higher level of output given the same level of inputs in comparison with B. The only way for B to decrease this technological gap is through importation of As technology embedded through FDI. But again from according Yao and Wei (2007) that the role of FDI can recommend by their two propositions. Firstly, they given the same steady state of Bs technology, FDI can improve Bs production efficiency because foreign invested firms are front runners in the adoption of GPTs because of their superior human capital, management and organizational structure. Domestic firms can be trained from foreign invested firms through learning by watching. They also have incentives to become more proficient and competitive because they fear losing out to foreign invested firms. The moving effect of FDI on production efficiency of B can be illustrated in Figure 1. Production frontier of A and B, denotes the production frontier of B. At a steady state when input is fixed at X0, the actual level of domestic production is Yd0 without the effect of FDI. If FDI has a positive impact on production efficiency at this steady state, or à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡YB/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡FDIB > 0, the actual level of production will rise to Yf 0. The net moving effect of FDI on country Bs production is (Yf 0 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Yd0). Second proposition examine that FDI is a shifter of the domestic production frontier. If FDI does not have a shifting effect, the maximum output of B can never go above PFB. If FDI has a shifting effect, country Bs maximum potential output can be as high as those located on PFA, which is the production frontier of A. (Cobb-Douglas. Wikipedia. Retrieved April 20, 2010, from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb%E2%80%93Douglas) Figure 3.1: Production Frontier of A and B and the role of FDI in B. Y PFA Yft PFB Ydt Yf0 Yd0 0 X0 X1 X For example, without a shifting effect, the actual level of production may move from Yf 0 at the initial steady state to Ydt at the new steady state with a new input mix Xt. The maximum possible output of B at the new level of input will be on PFB or below. If FDI has a shifting effect, the actual level of output can go above PFB, with a maximum potential output to be on PFA. In Fig. 1, if the new actual output is Yf t , which is situated between the two frontiers, it means that the production frontier of B has been shifted towards PFA from PFB. This positive shifting effect can be expressed as à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡YB/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡FDI = f (t)>0, implying that the marginal product of FDI is an increasing function of time (Yao and Wei, 2007). According to Yao and Wei (2007) indicate that with Propositions 1 and 2, country Bs production function can be rewritten as: (3) And FDI is part of the multiplier ABt along with a set of other variables Z1 which can also improve production efficiency. Besides, FDI enters the residual term to be a shifter of the production frontier along with other variables, including a time trend t , which captures the Hicks neutral technological progress in B in the absence of FDI or foreign technologies, t * FDI captures the additional technological progress that is attributed only to FDI. The total effect of FDI on economic growth in country B can be expressed as: (4) The first part on the right-hand side of (4) measures the moving effect, and the second part the shifting effect of FDI on YB. If both effects are positive and significant, the above two propositions hold true. While the traditional growth theory considered only two factors of production, namely capital and labor, this new growth theory adds a third, technology. Endogenous growth theory or new growth theory focuses on the wider concept of technology, which is expressed through ideas, instead of objects or products. It necessitates a different set of institutional arrangements, like pricing systems, taxation or incentives to ensure the efficient allocation of ideas. These types of models are sometimes called Schumpeterian models because Schumpeter emphasized the importance of temporary monopolistic power over discoveries, as a motivating force for continued innovative process. A great deal of evidence has been produced in recent years casting doubt on endogenous growth theory. Mankiw, Romer and Weil (1992) argue that the neoclassical growth model of Solow and Swan with exogenous technological progress and diminishing returns to capital, explains most of the cross-country variation in output per person. The Schumpeterian variant of endogenous growth theory that emphasizes technological progress, innovation and RD has come under particularly heavy fire. Endogenous growth models attempt to explain a greater proportion of observed growth as well as why different countries experience different growth rates. They generally use the neoclassical model but allow the production function to exhibit increasing returns to scale, focus on externalities and assume that technological change, although important, is not necessary to explain long-run growth. In 1986, paper of Romer ignores physical capital and only considers knowledge but a general form of his model can be written as: Y = A(R) F (Rj, Kj, Lj) (5) Where R j, K j and L j are, respectively, stock results from research and development expenditure by firm j, physical capital of firm j and labor of firm j; R is the aggregate stock of knowledge. Any private research effort will have a spillover effect for the public stock of knowledge A(R). This type of model can explain why countries experience different growth rates. A country with an initial higher level of K experiences a higher rate of growth of K leading to a higher rate of growth of per capita income because such a country is more experienced through learning by doing. This is an external effect that prevents diminishing returns. 3.2 Model specification The previous empirical studies have proved that GDP can be determined by the following variables: labor and capital as basic physical inputs; export, FDI and foreign exchange rate policy as variables of openness. The following model regression will include all these variables. (6) Where t (t = 1976, , 2008) denote year t, k and l capital stock (Gross fixed capital accumulation) and total labor force, fdi = FDI inflow, exp = total export and exc = real exchange rate. Lastly, the Y is the Gross domestic product in economic growth and the is error term. Data for GDP are gross domestic product and capital is calibrated below based on investment in fixed assets. All the variables are calculated in 2000 constant prices. GDP is derived from real GDP annual indexes by province. Labor is total labor force in each province. FDI is actually used FDI inflows. Export is the total value of exports. The description of FDI in the production model needs careful consideration. Because capital stock is the accumulation of fixed asset investment, which includes both domestic and foreign investments, the production function would be mis-specified if FDI, either measured as a flow or stock, were added as another explanatory variable along with capital stock. In the previous literature, export and exchange rate also has been found to be relevant variables in the production function. Like FDI, export is defined as total FDI inflows and total export in Korea therefore can effect to output. The values of exports and FDI are provided in US dollars (USD) in the official statistics. Since they are measured in US dollars, most economic analysts do not bother to deflate the values in current prices into values in constant prices (e.g. Liu et al., 1997; Liu, 2000). It is important to conduct an appropriate deflation. One relevant deflator is the US consumer price index. The values of trade and FDI in nominal dollars are deflated by this index. Since all the other variables in the model are measured in KRW100, it is useful to change these two variables in KRW as well. Exchange rate is real exchange rate, which is time-variant but location-invariant as all the provinces faced the same foreign exchange rate. Beside this, real exchange rate should be derived from the exchange rates and price indexes of Koreas main trading partners. However, since KRW follows the US dollar very closely, albeit not pegged to the dollar, only the dollar exchange rate and the US price index are used to calculate the real exchange rate. Real exchange rate is expected to have a positive sign influence on economic growth because it represents Chinas competitiveness in international trade and the extent of market liberalization in the foreign exchange market from Yao and Zhang (2001). The expectation result for the variable of capital stock, labor, human capital, FDI, export and real exchange rate are expect getting the significant and positive relationship to economic growth. 3.3 Empirical methodology 3.3.1 Unit root test A unit root test is vital in observing the stationery of time series data. It is main to estimate about the variables observed have a tendency to return to the long term trend follow a shock (stationery) or the variables follow a random walk which containing a unit root. If the variables follow a random walk after a temporary or permanent shock, the regression between variables is spurious (Amiruddin, Nor and Ismail 2007). According to the Grauss-Markovs theorem, in such cases, the series do not have a finite variance. Hence the OLS will not produce consistent parameter estimates. A stationary series is one whose basic properties, for example it mean and its variance, do not change it over time. In contrast, a non-stationary series has one or more basic properties that do change over time. If the time series variable is stationery, i) The mean of is constant over time ii) The variance of is constant over time iii) The simple correlation coefficient between and depends on the length of the lag (k) but on no other variable (for all k). The unit root test can separate into 2 test, that is Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test and Phillips Perron (PP) test. This will test for level (original series), first differences and second differences (changes). If stationary at level, then the series are integrated of order zero, I(0) and if stationary at first differences and second differences, the series are integrated of order one and two, I(1) and I(2) respectively. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic and Phillips-Perron test statistic to estimate the stationary for the variables. The results are and the hypothesis will indicate as below: Hypothesis: Ho: No stationary Ha: Stationary Hence, p-value should small tahan 0.05, then rejected Ho, that is stationary, if failure to reject Ho, that means no stationary]. 3.3.2 Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL)-Bound test The Bound Testing Method can use to estimate the small size sample data in between 30 observations. Therefore, one of the conditions is the dependent variables must be in I(1) and the dependent variables can be mixed in I(0) and I(1), but not the I(2). For example: Y=a+b1X1+b2X2+b3X3+e. The variable Y must stationary at order one or I(1) and the X1,X2 and X3 can be in I(0) or I(1) or mixed. For the simplicity, the Bound testing can be shown as: (7) The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method developed by Pesaran et al. (2001) was used to establish co-integration relationships among the variables. And it can use to overcome the stationary problem in the time-series regression. The advantage of the ARDL method is it can be applied to the model whether the independent variables are stationary at I (0) or I (1). The dependent variable must stationary in I (1). As a result, a dynamic model known as the Autoregressive Distributed lag model (ARDL) will be estimated and can be written as: (8) This equation shows that output growth is effects by values of explanatory variables as well as the lagged dependent and explanatory variables. The bound test used the conventional F-test compare to the critical value to detect the presence of co-integrating relationship. The critical value is base on the Narayan (2005) table of critical values for the bounds test case III: Unrestricted intercept and no trend. If the F-test is higher than the upper bound critical value, the hypothesis of no-co-integration is rejected. Beside this, if an F-statistic is lower than the lower bound critical value implies that the absences of the co-integration. If the F-statistic is in between the lower bound and upper bound, there is no clear indication of the absence or existence of co-integration relationship. Using Wald test to investigate the joint hypothesis is, Ho: Ha: The conclusion for the hypothesis can be separate to three part, that is: i) If the Wald F-statistic fall above the upper critical value- cointegration exists. ii) If the Wald F-statistic falls down between the lower bound and upper bound critical value- inconclusive. iii) If the Wald F-statistic falls below the lower bound critical value-no cointegration exists. Furthermore, an Error Correlation Model (ECM) also use with the Bound test, the form is: (9) Where, : 1-L is the difference operator : f(yt,xt) trend: trend term : long run multiplier Therefore, from the ARDL model, we can use the Bewleys (1979) regression approach to obtain the long run model. (i=1,2,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦,k) (10) Where, and , i= 1,2,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, k are the selected (estimated) values of and , i=1,2,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..,k. However, the short run dynamic model is estimated base on the Unrestricted Error Correction Model (UECM) model. (11) Where ECT represents as a long run steady point or partial adjustment term as below: (12) And using the Wald test to compute the long run elasticities and it standard error is: 1-Sum of the dependent coefficients= Sum of the independent coefficients (13) 3.4 Data The secondary data set consists of the annually data of the Korea economy for the period of 1976 to 2008 obtained from World Bank database, UC Atlas of Global Inequality, International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Financial Statistic (IFS), Korea National Statistical and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). Since the ultimate goal is to perform regression analysis with the data expressed in natural logarithms, it may instead wish to work with the log and proxy for variable as below: CHAPTER 4 REGRESSION RESULTS 4.0 Introduction Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test and Phillips Perron (PP) test and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). 4.1 Unit root test In this study, two stationary tests on individual stochastic trend are conducted, that is Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillip-Perron (PP) tests which have been used frequently I time series data. The value of ADF t-statistic and PP z-statistic will be compared to the critical value given by MacKinnon (1991). The time series under consideration should be integrated in the same order before we can proceed to cointegration analysis and causality test. The result can be show as below: 4.1.1 Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test Based on the result as below Table 4.1.1, it show that result for Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic in Unit Root test. This test is function to know the stationary of data for variable. In the result, the dependent variable and all explanatory variables are significant on the first and second differences for the constant with trends and constant without trends. This is because the p-value is small than 0.05 at significant level. So, we will rejected Ho and conclude that the data is stationary when first difference. Therefore, all series are I(1) process. Variable Level First Differences Constant with trends Constant without trends Constant with trends Constant without trends t-stat p-value t-stat p-value t-stat p-value t-stat p-value Economic growth (y) -2.070027(0) 0.5421 2.327602(0) 0.9999 -5.756136*(0) 0.0003 -4.782721*(0) 0.0006 Capital stock (k) -1.911924(0) 0.6251 -0.546014(0) 0.8689 -4.515321*(1) 0.0060 -4.361648*(0) 0.0017 Labor force (l) -0.459604(0) 0.9804 -1.009485(0) 0.6241 -4.564489*(0) 0.0051 -4.425029*(0) 0.0014 FDI (fdi) -4.190134(1) 0.0125 -1.009485(3) 0.7363 -2.892944*(8) 0.1825 -6.300895*(2) 0.0000 Export (exp) 2.708182(0) 1.0000 5.784347(0) 1.0000 -3.567930*(0) 0.0495 -2.184710(0) 0.2155 Real exchange rate (exc) -2.246001(0) 0.4496 -1.594207(0) 0.4739 -5.035710*(0) 0.0016 -5.101766*(0) 0.0002 Table 4.1.1: Result Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test Criteria: Schwarz Info Criterion (SIC) Variable Level First Differences Constant with trends Constant without trends Constant with trends Constant without trends t-stat p-value t-stat p-value t-stat p-value t-stat p-value Economic growth (y) -2.815698(18) 0.2023 3.136859(7) 1.0000 -6.399643*(11) 0.0000 -4.778071*(1) 0.0006 Capital stock (k) -2.096298(2) 0.5282 -0.519748(5) 0.8745 -4.100869*(7) 0.0153 -4.204347*(7) 0.0026 Labor force (l) -0.631981(1) 0.9699 -1.228256(1) 0.6498 -4.564489*(0) 0.0051 -4.423468*(1) 0.0014 FDI (fdi) -1.392163(31) 0.8440 -1.577055(31) 0.4824 -4.828185*(12) 0.0027 -5.032975*(13) 0.0003 Export (exp) 4.407935(8) 1.0000 6.050077(5) 1.0000 -3.555909*(1) 0.0507 -2.042327(1) 0.2683 Real exchange rate (exc) -2.374756(1) 0.3848 -1.615847(1) 0.4631 -4.981815*(3) 0.0018 -5.068019*(2) 0.0003Note: The number in parenthesis are lag length. The test employ a null hypothesis of a unit root. All series are log transformed. *Indicate that 5% at significant level. Table 4.1.2: Result Phillips-Perron (PP) test Criteria: Schwarz Info Criterion (SIC) Note: The number in parenthesis are lag length. The test employ a null hypothesis of a unit root. All series are log transformed. *Indicate that 5% at significant level. 4.1.2 Phillips-Perron (PP) test Based on the result as above Table 4.1.2, it show that result for Phillips-Perron (PP) test statistic in Unit Root test. This test is function to know the stationary of data for variable. In the result, the dependent variable and all explanatory variables are significant on the first and second differences for the constant with trends and constant without trends. This is because the p-value is small than 0.05 at significant level. So, we will rejected Ho and conclude that the data is stationary when first difference from the result of PP test. Therefore, all variables are integrated of order I(1). 4.2 Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) test The condition of the bound testing is the dependent variable must be in I(1) and the independent variables can be mixed in I(0) and I(1). The y is I(1) and the independent variable is mixed in I(0) and I(1)., the estimation of co-integration can be done by using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). The Bound test technique is applied to examine the long run relationship between the exchange rate and its determinants. The result of the estimated ARDL model for Malaysia is reported as Table 4.2. The goodness of fit of the model (adjusted R-squared (Adjusted-R2)) and the standard error of regression are higher. Based on the table 4.2, includes the diagnostic tests used to confirm the validity of the model. These several important diagnostic test has been carry out in order to strengthen the accuracy of the results. The result of the diagnostic test indicated that the residual of the model is normally distributed. Beside this, there are no heteroskedasticitity and no serial correlation. However, the model successes to pass the Ramsey RESET test. Since all the probability is larger than 0.05 (5%) significant level. Thus, hypothesis failed to reject the Ho, hence there are absence of those problem in the model carried out. Note: The critical values are cited from Narayan(2005).(Table case III: Unrestricted intercept and no trend;pg1988). *,**and *** denote significant at 10%,5% and 1% significance level, respectively. Based on the Table 4.3, the results of bound cointegration test obviously demonstrated that the null hypothesis is, against the alternative hypothesis is easily rejected at 1% significant level. The model shows that the determinant variables are strongly cointegrated with economic growth in Korea. The result showed that the F-statistic compute by Wald test is highly significant at 1% significance level. The F-statistic is 8.742069, which is greater than the upper critical bound value of 6.040, so it is showed that cointegration exists. Hence, based on the test result, there exist cointegration or long run relationship among the economic growth, capital stock, labor, foreign direct investment, export and real exchange rate. (14) Based on the Table 4.4 reported the long run elasticity between the variables use the ARDL test. The expected sign of the variables are indicate in this table and the estimated coefficient for capital stock (k) is positive 0.764333 and has consistent sign with the expected sign. This implies that an increase in the capital stock by 1 billion US Dollar (US$), the gross domestic product (GDP) will increase 0.764333 billion US Dollar (US$). The standard error is 1.594101 and probability 0.6359 is the p-value in the model. For the labor force (l), the estimated coefficient is positive sign, it is 25318.75 and which is consistent with the expected sign. The coefficient means that when 1 unit labor force increase, the GDP will increase 25318.75 US Dollar (US$). The probability is 0.4858 and standard error is 35765.61. In addition, the foreign direct investment (fdi) in estimated coefficient is positive 5.627353 and same with the expected sign. This indicate that when increase 1 billion US Dollar (US$) in the foreign direct investment, the GDP will increase 5.627353 billion US Dollar (US$). The p-value is 0.4313 and standard error is 7.032203. The estimated coefficient for export (exp) is positive 0.798721, it has consistent sign with the expected sign. This implies that an increase 1 billion US Dollar (US$) in export, the GDP will increase 0.798721 billion US Dollar (US$). The standard error for export is 0.204665 and the probability is 0.0007. In the case of real exchange rate (exc), the estimated coefficient is positive 173672187.2 and is similar with the expected sign. The coefficient means that when real exchange rate increase in 1 units of Korea Won 100 (KRW100) per US$ 1, the GDP will leads to increase in 173672187.2 US Dollar (US$). The p-value for real exchange rate is 0.1910 and standard error is 1.29E+18. 4.5 The Error Correction Model (ECM) test The result of the Error Correction Model is reported at Table 4.6 and the Error Correction Term (ECT) is shows as below: (15) So, the ECT equation will be generated into short run dynamic model. Based on the Table 4.5, the error correction term (ECT) is -0.090218. This implies that speed of adjustment to the long run stability is very slow which is 0.09. It is negative sign and rapid adjustment from a short term imbalance. The negative sign of the ECT means when there is a short run shocks occur, the gap is closed towards the adjustment process to the long run stability. This implies that the imbalance of output growth in the short run maybe adjusted with error corrections that resume the long term equilibrium. Approximately a high percentage of 89.7% of the gross domestic product can be clarify by the capital stock, labor, foreign direct investment, export and real exchange rate selected. Furthermore, the variable of capital stock (k) is significantly influence the gross domestic product (GDP/y) in the short run. The capital stock represents the gross fixed capital formation to be the most important factor that influences the gross domestic product in Korea. The capital stock, labor (l), foreign direct investment (fdi), export (exp) and real exchange rate (exc) is statistically positive influence in the current year of gross domestic product. As mentioned in literature review, this all explanatory variables should be elastic, portrays a positive sign and is should be a statistically variable in most of the research. In the short run, capital stock is statistically significant and positive sign to the gross domestic product for Korea. When capital stock is increase 1 billion US Dollar (US$), the gross domestic product will attracts approximately increase 1.249795 billion US Dollar (US$). Beside this, when the labor is increase 1 unit labor force, the gross domestic product will increase 2308.908 US Dollar (US$). And if the foreign direct investment increase 1 billion US Dollar (US$), the gross domestic product will increase 0.508124 billion US Dollar (US$). If export increase in 1 billion US Dollar (US$), gross domestic product will increase 0.072330 billion US Dollar (US$). Lastly, when the real exchange rate is increase in 1 units of Korea Won 100(KRW100) per US$ 1, the GDP will increase in 15708616 US Dollar (US$).